1 00:00:01,869 --> 00:00:03,202 JUPITER, 2 00:00:03,203 --> 00:00:06,705 A COSMIC COLOSSUS REIGNING OVER THE OTHER PLANETS. 3 00:00:06,706 --> 00:00:09,975 TAKE THE PLANET EARTH, NOW GET 1,000 OF THEM, 4 00:00:09,976 --> 00:00:11,911 AND THAT'S THE SIZE OF JUPITER. 5 00:00:11,912 --> 00:00:14,415 HIDDEN BENEATH ITS SWIRLING CLOUDS 6 00:00:14,416 --> 00:00:17,916 LIE THE SECRETS OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S FOUNDATION, 7 00:00:17,917 --> 00:00:20,419 OF OUR PLANET'S VIOLENT YOUTH... 8 00:00:20,420 --> 00:00:21,820 WHEN THE BIGGEST THING IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 9 00:00:21,821 --> 00:00:23,355 IS MOVING THIS FAR THIS FAST, 10 00:00:23,356 --> 00:00:25,358 IT CHANGES EVERYTHING AROUND IT. 11 00:00:25,359 --> 00:00:28,160 ...AND THE BIRTH OF LIFE. 12 00:00:28,161 --> 00:00:31,496 IF IT WASN'T FOR JUPITER, RIGHT WHERE I'M STANDING, 13 00:00:31,497 --> 00:00:35,368 THERE MIGHT BE GIGANTIC METEOR IMPACT CRATER. 14 00:00:38,139 --> 00:00:40,540 NOW, SCIENTISTS ARE UNLOCKING 15 00:00:40,541 --> 00:00:44,410 THE GIANT PLANET'S SECRETS AND DISCOVERING THAT JUPITER, 16 00:00:44,411 --> 00:00:48,080 MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLANET, SHAPES OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S 17 00:00:48,081 --> 00:00:52,551 PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 18 00:00:52,552 --> 00:00:55,187 WITHOUT JUPITER, MOST CERTAINLY, 19 00:00:55,188 --> 00:00:56,855 WE WOULDN'T BE HERE TO TALK ABOUT IT. 20 00:00:56,856 --> 00:00:59,858 -- CaptIOns by VITAC -- www.vitac.com 21 00:00:59,859 --> 00:01:02,896 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 22 00:01:10,406 --> 00:01:11,773 JUPITER 23 00:01:11,774 --> 00:01:16,577 NAMED AFTER THE ROMAN KING OF THE GODS, THE GOD OF THE SKY, 24 00:01:16,578 --> 00:01:20,749 IT LOOMS BETWEEN THE FOUR INNER ROCKY PLANETS 25 00:01:20,750 --> 00:01:24,084 AND THE THREE FROZEN GAS GIANTS BEYOND. 26 00:01:24,085 --> 00:01:27,455 IT IS OUR LARGEST PLANET BY FAR. 27 00:01:27,456 --> 00:01:29,390 JUPITER IS THE KING OF THE PLANETS, 28 00:01:29,391 --> 00:01:31,992 AND THAT'S BECAUSE IT IS THE BIGGEST OF THE PLANETS. 29 00:01:31,993 --> 00:01:34,795 IT HAS A STORM ON IT THAT'S ACTUALLY FOUR TIMES 30 00:01:34,796 --> 00:01:36,197 BIGGER THAN THE EARTH ITSELF, 31 00:01:36,198 --> 00:01:38,298 AND IT'S BEEN RAGING FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS. 32 00:01:38,299 --> 00:01:42,503 IT HAS DOZENS OF MOONS, THIS GIGANTIC MAGNETIC FIELD. 33 00:01:42,504 --> 00:01:44,973 EVERYTHING ABOUT JUPITER IS JUST HUGE. 34 00:01:44,974 --> 00:01:46,374 IT DOESN'T DO ANYTHING SMALL. 35 00:01:46,375 --> 00:01:48,542 IF YOU WERE LOOKING AT OUR SOLAR SYSTEM FROM AFAR, 36 00:01:48,543 --> 00:01:49,577 YOU'D LOOK AND YOU'D SAY, 37 00:01:49,578 --> 00:01:51,646 "OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS MADE OF THE SUN, 38 00:01:51,647 --> 00:01:53,681 JUPITER, AND ASSORTED RUBBLE. 39 00:01:53,682 --> 00:01:55,916 THIS VAST PLANET 40 00:01:55,917 --> 00:01:58,921 CONTAINS THE CLUES TO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S FORMATION, 41 00:01:59,022 --> 00:02:03,324 ITS EVOLUTION, AND ITS EVENTUAL DEATH. 42 00:02:03,325 --> 00:02:07,628 JUPITER IS A COSMIC TIME CAPSULE. 43 00:02:07,629 --> 00:02:10,299 IF ONLY WE COULD OPEN IT. 44 00:02:10,300 --> 00:02:12,635 IN THE ROMAN MYTH, JUPITER, THE GOD, 45 00:02:12,636 --> 00:02:15,670 DREW A VEIL OF CLOUDS AROUND HIM TO HIDE HIS MISCHIEF, 46 00:02:15,671 --> 00:02:16,739 AND THAT'S, TO SOME EXTENT, 47 00:02:16,740 --> 00:02:18,641 WHAT'S HAPPENED WHEN WE LOOK AT JUPITER. 48 00:02:18,642 --> 00:02:21,008 WE'RE SEEING NOT THE SURFACE OF A PLANET, 49 00:02:21,009 --> 00:02:23,779 BUT THE EDGE OF A CLOUD. 50 00:02:23,780 --> 00:02:27,782 THIS SHROUD OF GAS HIDES JUPITER'S DEEPEST SECRETS. 51 00:02:27,783 --> 00:02:29,484 ONE OF THE BIG MYSTERIES OF JUPITER 52 00:02:29,485 --> 00:02:32,287 IS WHAT'S AT THE VERY CENTER. WHAT IS ITS CORE? 53 00:02:32,288 --> 00:02:34,355 AND THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE ACTUALLY DON'T KNOW YET. 54 00:02:34,356 --> 00:02:37,960 BUT WE DO KNOW THAT WHAT'S HAPPENING INSIDE JUPITER 55 00:02:37,961 --> 00:02:40,294 GIVES THE PLANETS ITS POWER. 56 00:02:40,295 --> 00:02:43,031 IF WE WANT TO KNOW MORE ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON 57 00:02:43,032 --> 00:02:45,099 IN THIS KING OF THE PLANETS, 58 00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:46,435 WE'RE GOING TO NEED TO BE ABLE 59 00:02:46,436 --> 00:02:48,103 TO PART THOSE CLOUDS AND PEER INSIDE. 60 00:02:48,104 --> 00:02:49,538 SIMPLE PHYSICS TELLS US 61 00:02:49,539 --> 00:02:53,943 ITS MASSIVE ATMOSPHERE IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES. 62 00:02:53,944 --> 00:02:56,513 BECAUSE IT'S A GAS GIANT, THE ATMOSPHERE, 63 00:02:56,514 --> 00:02:59,483 AS YOU GET DEEPER INTO IT, JUST GETS DENSER AND DENSER 64 00:02:59,484 --> 00:03:02,152 AND THE PRESSURE GETS HIGHER AND HIGHER. 65 00:03:02,153 --> 00:03:04,721 FROM THE CLOUD TOPS TO THE PLANET'S CENTER 66 00:03:04,722 --> 00:03:06,923 IS 43,000 MILES. 67 00:03:06,924 --> 00:03:11,261 THAT'S A THREE-DAY, NONSTOP JOURNEY IN A JUMBO JET. 68 00:03:11,262 --> 00:03:15,597 THE DECENT WOULD BE A HELLISH ROLLER COASTER RIDE. 69 00:03:15,598 --> 00:03:19,001 AND WE KNOW THIS, BECAUSE WE'VE TRIED. 70 00:03:19,002 --> 00:03:21,738 THE GALILEO PROBE ORBITED JUPITER FOR YEARS 71 00:03:21,739 --> 00:03:23,539 LOOKING AT THE CLOUD TOPS OF THE PLANET 72 00:03:23,540 --> 00:03:25,307 AND THE MOONS THAT ORBIT IT. 73 00:03:25,308 --> 00:03:27,175 BUT AT THE END OF THE MISSION, THEY DECIDED THEY COULD DO 74 00:03:27,176 --> 00:03:29,881 ONE MORE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT. 75 00:03:29,882 --> 00:03:32,883 DECEMBER 7, 1995. 76 00:03:32,884 --> 00:03:38,422 NASA'S GALILEO SPACE CRAFT DROPS A 750-POUND TITANIUM PROBE 77 00:03:38,423 --> 00:03:41,959 INTO JUPITER'S ATMOSPHERE. 78 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:47,632 IT SLAMS INTO THE CLOUD TOPS AT OVER 106,000 MILES AN HOUR. 79 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:55,074 Advertise your product or brand here contact www.OpenSubtitles.org today 80 00:03:56,407 --> 00:03:59,443 EVEN THOUGH JUPITER LOOKS CALM AND SERENE FROM A DISTANCE, 81 00:03:59,444 --> 00:04:00,711 AS YOU GET CLOSER, 82 00:04:00,712 --> 00:04:03,148 YOU REALIZE THAT THERE ARE FEROCIOUS WINDS, 83 00:04:03,149 --> 00:04:04,849 THERE ARE LIGHTNING STORMS, 84 00:04:04,850 --> 00:04:08,852 AND THERE ARE PRESSURES THAT WOULD CRUSH ANY INSTRUMENT. 85 00:04:08,853 --> 00:04:11,990 THE PLANET IS 1,000 TIMES THE MASS OF THE EARTH, 86 00:04:11,991 --> 00:04:13,990 AND THAT MEANS AS YOU GO INWARD, 87 00:04:13,991 --> 00:04:18,462 THE PRESSURES AND DENSITIES BECOME VERY LARGE. 88 00:04:18,463 --> 00:04:22,132 THE PROBE SENSORS REVEAL THAT HYDROGEN 89 00:04:22,133 --> 00:04:26,736 MAKES UP 90% OF JUPITER'S ATMOSPHERE. 90 00:04:26,737 --> 00:04:30,008 TEMPERATURES SOAR TO OVER 300 DEGREES. 91 00:04:31,512 --> 00:04:34,915 WINDS RAGE AT 400 MILES AN HOUR. 92 00:04:37,950 --> 00:04:42,689 IT'S HOTTER AND MORE TURBULENT THAN SCIENTISTS EVER IMAGINED. 93 00:04:44,825 --> 00:04:47,893 58 MINUTES AFTER ENTERING JUPITER'S ATMOSPHERE, 94 00:04:47,894 --> 00:04:51,896 AND JUST 95 MILES DOWN, THE PROBE... 95 00:04:51,897 --> 00:04:55,234 VAPORIZES, 96 00:04:55,235 --> 00:04:59,373 LEAVING MOST OF JUPITER'S SECRETS BEYOND OUR REACH. 97 00:05:02,310 --> 00:05:06,612 WE CAN'T REACH THE PLANET'S CENTER, 98 00:05:06,613 --> 00:05:10,850 BUT AT THE NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY OUTSIDE SAN FRANCISCO, 99 00:05:10,851 --> 00:05:15,990 SCIENTISTS CAN RECREATE CONDITIONS DEEP INSIDE JUPITER. 100 00:05:19,060 --> 00:05:20,629 THERE ARE A LOT OF OTHER FACILITIES 101 00:05:20,630 --> 00:05:23,129 WHERE WE CAN GENERATE, SAY, 102 00:05:23,130 --> 00:05:25,631 STATES THAT ARE FOUND AT THE CENTER OF THE EARTH 103 00:05:25,632 --> 00:05:28,835 OR SOME OF THE OTHER TERRESTRIAL PLANETS, 104 00:05:28,836 --> 00:05:30,436 BUT THIS IS THE ONLY PLACE 105 00:05:30,437 --> 00:05:33,941 YOU CAN RECREATE THE DEEPEST INTERIOR OF JUPITER. 106 00:05:33,942 --> 00:05:35,943 THE TEAM TAKES HYDROGEN, 107 00:05:35,944 --> 00:05:37,979 THE MOST COMMON ELEMENT IN JUPITER, 108 00:05:37,980 --> 00:05:41,514 AND FREEZES IT, INCREASING ITS DENSITY. 109 00:05:41,515 --> 00:05:46,086 THEN, THEY FIRE UP THE WORLD'S LARGEST LASER. 110 00:05:46,087 --> 00:05:48,787 MULTIPLE LASER BEAMS RACE THROUGH A SERIES 111 00:05:48,788 --> 00:05:50,456 OF AMPLIFICATION CHAMBERS, 112 00:05:50,457 --> 00:05:54,194 INTENSIFYING BY A QUADRILLION TIMES, 113 00:05:54,195 --> 00:05:59,066 UNTIL, PERFECTLY SYNCHRONIZED, THE BEAMS CONVERGE. 114 00:05:59,067 --> 00:06:01,268 FOR 20 BILLIONTHS OF A SECOND, 115 00:06:01,269 --> 00:06:06,105 THE LASER BOMBARDS THE HYDROGEN WITH 1,000 TIMES MORE ENERGY 116 00:06:06,106 --> 00:06:10,544 THAN THE ENTIRE UNITED STATES USES AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT. 117 00:06:10,545 --> 00:06:14,614 IT TURNS OUT THAT AT THOSE VERY EXTREME PRESSURES, 118 00:06:14,615 --> 00:06:18,184 A HUNDRED MILLION ATMOSPHERES OF PRESSURES, 119 00:06:18,185 --> 00:06:21,121 CHEMISTRY IS JUST COMPLETELY DIFFERENT. 120 00:06:23,957 --> 00:06:27,727 INSTEAD OF REALLY DISTORTING THE CHEMICAL BOND, 121 00:06:27,728 --> 00:06:32,766 NOW, YOU'RE DISTORTING HOW THE ATOM ITSELF BEHAVES. 122 00:06:32,767 --> 00:06:35,968 MATTER BEHAVES IN A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT WAY 123 00:06:35,969 --> 00:06:39,605 THAN WE EXPERIENCE IT HERE ON EARTH. 124 00:06:39,606 --> 00:06:40,874 THE ATOMS BREAK DOWN, 125 00:06:40,875 --> 00:06:44,843 TRANSFORMING THE HYDROGEN GAS INTO A LIQUID -- 126 00:06:44,844 --> 00:06:47,983 A LIQUID METAL CONCENTRATED DEEP INSIDE THE PLANET. 127 00:06:47,984 --> 00:06:49,783 ESSENTIALLY, YOU WOULD HAVE 128 00:06:49,784 --> 00:06:52,454 THIS VERY DENSE STRUCTURE, 129 00:06:52,455 --> 00:06:55,389 AND IT PERHAPS WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS MASSIVE BALL 130 00:06:55,390 --> 00:06:58,158 OF MERCURY AT THE CENTER OF JUPITER. 131 00:06:58,159 --> 00:06:59,427 UNDER IMMENSE PRESSURE, 132 00:06:59,428 --> 00:07:02,230 THE LIQUID HYDROGEN EMITS ENERGY AS HEAT, 133 00:07:02,231 --> 00:07:05,999 PUSHING TEMPERATURES AT THE EDGE OF THIS METALLIC SPHERE 134 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:09,704 UP TO 11,000 DEGREES. 135 00:07:09,705 --> 00:07:13,641 WHAT LIES INSIDE REMAINS A MYSTERY. 136 00:07:13,642 --> 00:07:15,610 THERE COULD BE A LITTLE ROCKY PLANET 137 00:07:15,611 --> 00:07:18,312 UNDERNEATH ALL OF THAT GAS AND ALL OF THAT LIQUID. 138 00:07:18,313 --> 00:07:21,149 IT COULD BE MORE OF A BALL OF SUPER COMPRESSED ICE. 139 00:07:21,150 --> 00:07:23,586 THERE PROBABLY IS SOMETHING SOLID DOWN THERE. 140 00:07:24,022 --> 00:07:26,957 IT'S THE PROCESSES HAPPENING INSIDE JUPITER 141 00:07:26,958 --> 00:07:30,860 THAT GIVE THE PLANET ITS POWER -- 142 00:07:30,861 --> 00:07:36,099 POWER TO SHAPE THE SOLAR SYSTEM SINCE ITS EARLIEST DAYS. 143 00:07:36,100 --> 00:07:37,368 APART FROM THE SUN, 144 00:07:37,369 --> 00:07:42,305 JUPITER IS THE BIGGEST INFLUENCE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 145 00:07:42,306 --> 00:07:45,409 BUT THIS MONSTER IS SHRINKING. 146 00:07:45,410 --> 00:07:49,147 IS JUPITER LOSING ITS POWER? 147 00:07:56,554 --> 00:08:00,190 A THOUSAND TIMES MORE MASSIVE THAN THE EARTH, 148 00:08:00,191 --> 00:08:02,827 JUPITER COULD SWALLOW ALL THE OTHER PLANETS 149 00:08:02,828 --> 00:08:07,899 IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM TWICE AND STILL HAVE ROOM FOR MORE. 150 00:08:07,900 --> 00:08:11,902 BUT THIS GIANT IS GETTING SMALLER. 151 00:08:11,903 --> 00:08:13,603 GRAVITY IS STILL BRINGING 152 00:08:13,604 --> 00:08:17,108 ALL OF THE GASES AND LIQUIDS TOGETHER. 153 00:08:17,109 --> 00:08:21,313 AND THAT HEATS UP THE INTERIOR OF JUPITER. 154 00:08:21,314 --> 00:08:24,449 THIS HEAT RISES UP TO JUPITER'S SURFACE 155 00:08:24,450 --> 00:08:26,550 AND ESCAPES INTO SPACE. 156 00:08:26,551 --> 00:08:29,320 THE PLANET COOLS AND SHRINKS, 157 00:08:29,321 --> 00:08:32,857 MAKING THE GAS GIANT A THIRD SMALLER TODAY 158 00:08:32,858 --> 00:08:35,292 THAN WHEN IT FIRST FORMED. 159 00:08:35,293 --> 00:08:36,594 AS THE PLANET COOLS, 160 00:08:36,595 --> 00:08:40,732 THE SHRINKING SLOWS FROM AN INCH A YEAR IN ITS INFANCY 161 00:08:40,733 --> 00:08:43,468 TO JUST A FEW FRACTIONS OF AN INCH TODAY. 162 00:08:43,469 --> 00:08:47,305 AND SCIENTISTS CALCULATE IT COULD CONTINUE SHRINKING 163 00:08:47,306 --> 00:08:48,908 FOR 1,000 BILLION YEARS. 164 00:08:48,909 --> 00:08:51,979 EVEN THEN, IT WILL ALWAYS BE THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S 165 00:08:51,980 --> 00:08:54,348 BIGGEST, MOST POWERFUL PLANET. 166 00:08:56,549 --> 00:09:00,320 JUPITER IS SHRINKING TOO SLOWLY FOR US TO SEE, 167 00:09:00,321 --> 00:09:03,590 BUT WE CAN SEE THE EFFECT OF THIS RISING HEAT. 168 00:09:03,591 --> 00:09:05,624 THIS IS ACTUALLY ONE OF THE REASONS JUPITER 169 00:09:05,625 --> 00:09:07,259 HAS THE SPECTACULAR WEATHER -- 170 00:09:07,260 --> 00:09:09,463 ALL OF THOSE BEAUTIFUL BANDS OF CLOUDS. 171 00:09:12,866 --> 00:09:16,370 ON EARTH, THE SUN'S HEAT DRIVES OUR WEATHER. 172 00:09:16,371 --> 00:09:19,940 SWITCH OFF THE SUN, AND OUR WEATHER WOULD STOP. 173 00:09:19,941 --> 00:09:23,309 BUT JUPITER'S WEATHER WOULD KEEP ON GOING. 174 00:09:23,310 --> 00:09:25,812 ITS WEATHER DOESN'T COME FROM THE SUN. 175 00:09:25,813 --> 00:09:29,450 IT COMES FROM DEEP INSIDE THE PLANET ITSELF. 176 00:09:29,451 --> 00:09:33,854 HEAT RISES UP THROUGH THE BOILING SOUP OF GAS, 177 00:09:33,855 --> 00:09:38,658 CHURNING ITS COCKTAIL OF VOLATILE CHEMICALS, 178 00:09:38,659 --> 00:09:44,530 CREATING JUPITER'S SPECTACULAR SWIRLING CLOUDS. 179 00:09:44,531 --> 00:09:48,567 AND THE WHOLE TIME, THE GIANT PLANET SPINS. 180 00:09:48,568 --> 00:09:50,803 AT 29,000 MILES AN HOUR, 181 00:09:50,804 --> 00:09:54,307 JUPITER ROTATES FASTER THAN ANY OTHER PLANET 182 00:09:54,308 --> 00:09:56,077 IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 183 00:09:57,446 --> 00:10:00,782 JUPITER ROTATES ON ITS AXIS ABOUT ONCE EVERY NINE HOURS, 184 00:10:00,783 --> 00:10:02,984 COMPARED TO A 24-HOUR DAY FOR US. 185 00:10:02,985 --> 00:10:06,086 SO, HUGE, SUPER-HEATED CLOUDS FROM THE INTERIOR 186 00:10:06,087 --> 00:10:08,121 GET SMEARED OUT BY THE ROTATION, 187 00:10:08,122 --> 00:10:10,524 AND WE HAVE THE BEAUTIFUL CLOUD TOPS OF JUPITER. 188 00:10:10,525 --> 00:10:15,363 THIS MARRIAGE OF HEAT AND MOTION SPAWNS A MONSTER. 189 00:10:17,433 --> 00:10:20,533 JUPITER'S RED SPOT IS A GIGANTIC CYCLONE, 190 00:10:20,534 --> 00:10:22,669 LARGER THAN THE SIZE OF THE EARTH, 191 00:10:22,670 --> 00:10:26,274 AND HAS BEEN ROTATING STABLY WITH WINDS IN EXCESS 192 00:10:26,275 --> 00:10:30,410 OF 250 MILES PER HOUR FOR OVER THREE CENTURIES. 193 00:10:30,411 --> 00:10:35,316 IMAGINE A STORM THAT LASTS FOR 300 YEARS. 194 00:10:35,317 --> 00:10:39,019 ON EARTH, CYCLONES DIE WHEN THEY HIT LAND, 195 00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:42,690 BUT JUPITER HAS NO LAND TO STOP ITS STORMS, 196 00:10:42,691 --> 00:10:45,591 ALMOST UNLIMITED HEAT TO FUEL THEM 197 00:10:45,592 --> 00:10:47,630 AND A RAPID ROTATION. 198 00:10:49,766 --> 00:10:51,766 JUPITER IS BASICALLY STOKING 199 00:10:51,767 --> 00:10:54,636 THE FIRES OF THE GREAT RED SPOT. 200 00:10:54,637 --> 00:10:57,640 WE'RE USED TO STORMS GROWING AND THEN GOING AWAY ON EARTH, 201 00:10:57,641 --> 00:10:59,342 BUT IF THEY'RE SPINNING THE RIGHT WAY, 202 00:10:59,343 --> 00:11:01,910 BECAUSE JUPITER IS SO BIG AND SPINNING SO QUICKLY, 203 00:11:01,911 --> 00:11:05,815 THEY FEED INTO EACH OTHER, AND IT KEEPS THE STORM ALIVE. 204 00:11:07,283 --> 00:11:09,919 LONG AFTER THE OTHER PLANETS FREEZE AND DIE, 205 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:13,255 JUPITER WILL STILL BE PUMPING OUT HEAT, 206 00:11:13,256 --> 00:11:16,592 DRIVING ITS MONSTER STORMS, 207 00:11:16,593 --> 00:11:19,796 THANKS TO ITS IMMENSE SIZE. 208 00:11:23,700 --> 00:11:26,101 AND THE SECRET OF ITS SIZE 209 00:11:26,102 --> 00:11:29,405 LIES IN THE INFANCY OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 210 00:11:29,406 --> 00:11:32,141 JUST OVER 4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO, 211 00:11:32,142 --> 00:11:34,876 IN THE DISK OF DUST AND GAS LEFTOVER 212 00:11:34,877 --> 00:11:38,981 FROM THE SUN'S FORMATION, THE FIRST PLANET FORMS. 213 00:11:38,982 --> 00:11:42,754 JUPITER BEGAN TO FORM EARLY ON AND BEGAN TO GOBBLE UP 214 00:11:42,755 --> 00:11:47,424 WATER, FROZEN COMETS, METEORS, AND GROW. 215 00:11:47,425 --> 00:11:50,458 WHEN YOU IMAGINE A LITTER OF ANIMALS, 216 00:11:50,459 --> 00:11:52,828 ONE OF THEM USUALLY WINS. 217 00:11:52,829 --> 00:11:54,229 AND THE ONE THAT WINS IS THE ONE 218 00:11:54,230 --> 00:11:56,998 THAT BEGINS TO EAT THE MOST FIRST. 219 00:11:56,999 --> 00:11:59,804 THE SAME THING HAPPENED WITH JUPITER, IN SOME SENSE. 220 00:11:59,805 --> 00:12:01,972 JUPITER FORMS AT THE RIGHT TIME 221 00:12:01,973 --> 00:12:06,543 AND IN THE RIGHT PLACE -- JUST INSIDE THE FROST LINE, 222 00:12:06,544 --> 00:12:10,914 THE POINT 325 MILLION MILES FROM THE SUN 223 00:12:10,915 --> 00:12:15,019 WHERE WATER VAPOR TURNS TO ICE. 224 00:12:15,020 --> 00:12:16,554 CLOSE TO THE SUN, 225 00:12:16,555 --> 00:12:18,655 ROCKY PLANETS CANNOT GROW VERY BIG. 226 00:12:18,656 --> 00:12:20,190 A LITTLE BIT BIGGER THAN THE EARTH, 227 00:12:20,191 --> 00:12:22,092 AND THE PLANET FALLS APART. 228 00:12:22,093 --> 00:12:23,660 FURTHER OUT, HOWEVER, 229 00:12:23,661 --> 00:12:26,630 ICE IS A GLUE THAT CAN HOLD ROCK TOGETHER. 230 00:12:26,631 --> 00:12:29,934 AND SO YOU HAVE MASSIVE ROCKY ICE PLANETS 231 00:12:29,935 --> 00:12:35,340 BIG ENOUGH TO CAPTURE HYDROGEN GAS AND BECOME A GAS GIANT. 232 00:12:37,608 --> 00:12:38,943 CLOSE TO THE SUN, 233 00:12:38,944 --> 00:12:43,213 GAS IS TOO HOT AND ENERGETIC TO STICK TO ANYTHING. 234 00:12:43,214 --> 00:12:46,784 OUT HERE, GAS IS COLD AND SLUGGISH. 235 00:12:46,785 --> 00:12:50,820 SO, WHEN GRAVITY PULLS GAS TOWARDS JUPITER'S CORE, 236 00:12:50,821 --> 00:12:52,421 IT STICKS, 237 00:12:52,422 --> 00:12:53,993 AND JUPITER BALLOONS. 238 00:12:54,194 --> 00:12:56,896 AND AS IT GREW, ITS GRAVITY GREW, 239 00:12:56,897 --> 00:12:59,732 AND THEREFORE, ITS ABILITY TO GOBBLE UP MORE INCREASED. 240 00:12:59,733 --> 00:13:02,068 SO IT WAS THE LUCKY WINNER 241 00:13:02,069 --> 00:13:06,573 BY STARTING EARLY AND EATING OFTEN. 242 00:13:06,574 --> 00:13:09,842 THE PLANET EATS EVERYTHING IN ITS REACH 243 00:13:09,843 --> 00:13:13,414 UNTIL IT BECOMES THE GIANT WE SEE TODAY. 244 00:13:15,614 --> 00:13:21,187 BUT 4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO, JUPITER IS IN THE WRONG PLACE. 245 00:13:21,188 --> 00:13:27,128 IT'S SPIRALING TOWARDS THE SUN AND A FIERY DEATH. 246 00:13:36,137 --> 00:13:39,872 THE BIGGEST PLANET WITH THE BIGGEST INFLUENCE, 247 00:13:39,873 --> 00:13:43,177 JUPITER IS UNIQUE IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, 248 00:13:46,546 --> 00:13:50,016 BUT NOT IN OUR GALAXY. 249 00:13:50,017 --> 00:13:53,721 OCTOBER 1995, SCIENTISTS DISCOVER 250 00:13:53,722 --> 00:13:57,059 THE FIRST PLANET BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 251 00:13:59,193 --> 00:14:01,194 51 LIGHT-YEARS FROM EARTH, 252 00:14:01,195 --> 00:14:05,699 51 PEGASI B IS A GIANT GAS PLANET, 253 00:14:05,700 --> 00:14:09,835 SIMILAR TO JUPITER IN EVERY WAY EXCEPT ONE. 254 00:14:09,836 --> 00:14:13,073 THE FIRST EXOPLANET FOUND ORBITING A STAR LIKE THE SUN 255 00:14:13,074 --> 00:14:14,607 WAS A HUGE SURPRISE. 256 00:14:14,608 --> 00:14:16,142 IT WAS CALLED A HOT JUPITER 257 00:14:16,143 --> 00:14:18,545 BECAUSE IT'S SOMETHING ROUGHLY THE SIZE OF JUPITER, 258 00:14:18,546 --> 00:14:21,548 BUT IT WAS TREMENDOUSLY CLOSE IN TO ITS STAR, 259 00:14:21,549 --> 00:14:23,917 MUCH CLOSER, EVEN, THAN MERCURY IS TO THE SUN. 260 00:14:23,918 --> 00:14:25,954 SINCE THAT FIRST DISCOVERY, 261 00:14:25,955 --> 00:14:29,590 ASTRONOMERS HAVE IDENTIFIED HUNDREDS OF GAS GIANTS 262 00:14:29,591 --> 00:14:31,893 OUTSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 263 00:14:31,894 --> 00:14:36,764 MANY ORBIT EXTREMELY CLOSE TO THEIR PARENT STAR. 264 00:14:36,765 --> 00:14:41,670 THE PLANET WASP-33 B, 378 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY, 265 00:14:41,671 --> 00:14:44,505 ORBITS SO CLOSE TO ITS STAR 266 00:14:44,506 --> 00:14:49,844 THAT ITS SURFACE IS A SCORCHING 5,800 DEGREES. 267 00:14:49,845 --> 00:14:53,648 IT'S THE HOTTEST PLANET EVER OBSERVED IN THE UNIVERSE. 268 00:14:53,649 --> 00:14:56,284 NOW, WE KNOW THAT PLANETS LIKE THAT CAN'T FORM THERE. 269 00:14:56,285 --> 00:14:58,888 IT'S JUST TOO HOT TO BE ABLE TO COALESCE FROM ALL THE GAS. 270 00:14:58,889 --> 00:15:03,058 THESE HOT JUPITERS MUST HAVE FORMED FARTHER OUT. 271 00:15:03,059 --> 00:15:05,059 HOW DO YOU GET A JUPITER-LIKE PLANET 272 00:15:05,060 --> 00:15:06,562 THAT CLOSE TO A STAR? 273 00:15:06,563 --> 00:15:09,664 SOMEHOW, YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO BUILD A BIG PLANET 274 00:15:09,665 --> 00:15:11,332 AND THEN MOVE IT IN. 275 00:15:11,333 --> 00:15:13,269 AND THIS HAD US ASKING ALL KINDS OF QUESTIONS. 276 00:15:13,270 --> 00:15:15,804 IF WE SEE IT GOING ON ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE, 277 00:15:15,805 --> 00:15:17,841 IS THAT HOW OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM WORKED, TOO? 278 00:15:17,842 --> 00:15:19,408 SO NOW, WHEN WE LOOK AT JUPITER, 279 00:15:19,409 --> 00:15:21,611 WE THINK, "ALL RIGHT, THAT'S WHERE IT IS TODAY, 280 00:15:21,612 --> 00:15:23,712 "BUT IT DOESN'T MEAN IT'S ALWAYS BEEN THERE. 281 00:15:23,713 --> 00:15:25,380 "IT COULD HAVE MOVED ALL OVER THE PLACE, 282 00:15:25,381 --> 00:15:27,082 "AND IT JUST ENDED UP WHERE IT IS -- 283 00:15:27,083 --> 00:15:28,318 WHERE WE FIND IT TODAY." 284 00:15:28,319 --> 00:15:30,819 THE QUESTION IS HOW? 285 00:15:30,820 --> 00:15:34,456 HOW DID THIS GIANT PLANET END UP WHERE IT IS TODAY? 286 00:15:34,457 --> 00:15:37,893 AND WHAT EFFECT DID A MIGRATING JUPITER 287 00:15:37,894 --> 00:15:39,163 HAVE ON THE OTHER PLANETS? 288 00:15:39,164 --> 00:15:43,732 IN 2011, WALSH AND HIS TEAM RE-IMAGINED THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 289 00:15:43,733 --> 00:15:47,270 THEY SET JUPITER ADRIFT, AND IN THE PROCESS, 290 00:15:47,271 --> 00:15:51,408 THEY SOLVE ONE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S GREATEST PUZZLES. 291 00:15:51,409 --> 00:15:54,443 WE WOULD BUILD OUR MODELS, WOULD GET A VENUS 292 00:15:54,444 --> 00:15:57,247 RIGHT WHERE THE VENUS IS SUPPOSED TO BE, 293 00:15:57,248 --> 00:16:00,717 WOULD GET AN EARTH RIGHT WHERE THE EARTH IS SUPPOSED TO BE. 294 00:16:00,718 --> 00:16:02,184 BUT WHERE MARS IS TODAY, 295 00:16:02,185 --> 00:16:05,054 WE WERE USUALLY GETTING A VENUS OR EARTH-MASSED PLANET. 296 00:16:05,055 --> 00:16:07,957 NO MATTER WHAT WE DID, NO MATTER HOW WE CHANGED THE MODEL, 297 00:16:07,958 --> 00:16:10,226 WE WERE ALWAYS GETTING A REALLY BIG MARS. 298 00:16:10,227 --> 00:16:11,394 ALL OF OUR SIMULATION 299 00:16:11,395 --> 00:16:13,163 SHOWED THAT MARS, WHERE IT IS IN THE DISK, 300 00:16:13,164 --> 00:16:15,866 SHOULD BE AT LEAST TEN TIMES THE MASS THAT IT IS. 301 00:16:15,867 --> 00:16:20,002 SOMETHING CAME IN AND LITERALLY ATE MARS' LUNCH. 302 00:16:20,003 --> 00:16:23,240 AND THAT SOMETHING WAS JUPITER. 303 00:16:23,241 --> 00:16:25,009 FOUR AND A HALF BILLION YEARS AGO, 304 00:16:25,010 --> 00:16:29,547 JUPITER FORMS 325 MILLION MILES FROM THE SUN, 305 00:16:29,548 --> 00:16:32,016 ROUGHLY A THIRD CLOSER THAN IT IS TODAY. 306 00:16:32,017 --> 00:16:33,818 THE ORBITING PLANET COLLIDES 307 00:16:33,819 --> 00:16:37,221 WITH THE DEBRIS LEFT OVER FROM THE SUN'S FORMATION, 308 00:16:37,222 --> 00:16:40,023 AND THESE COLLISIONS SLOW IT DOWN. 309 00:16:40,024 --> 00:16:41,858 IT LOSES MOMENTUM, 310 00:16:41,859 --> 00:16:45,829 AND THE SUN'S GRAVITY PULLS IT CLOSER. 311 00:16:45,830 --> 00:16:47,799 JUPITER SPIRALS INWARDS, 312 00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:53,471 GOBBLING UP THE RAW MATERIALS THAT SHOULD HAVE MADE MARS. 313 00:16:53,472 --> 00:16:55,405 SO, SEEING THAT RESULT, SEEING A GREAT SOLUTION 314 00:16:55,406 --> 00:16:59,077 TO THE SMALL MARS PROBLEM WAS KIND OF THE EUREKA MOMENT. 315 00:16:59,078 --> 00:17:01,244 LIKE, WELL, MAYBE THERE'S A MECHANISM OUT THERE. 316 00:17:01,245 --> 00:17:02,681 WE KNOW THAT PLANETS MIGRATE. 317 00:17:02,682 --> 00:17:04,348 SO, LET'S PUT THESE TWO THINGS TOGETHER, 318 00:17:04,349 --> 00:17:06,651 AND MAYBE THIS IS GOING TO WORK. 319 00:17:06,652 --> 00:17:08,853 AS JUPITER TRAVELS INWARDS, 320 00:17:08,854 --> 00:17:13,523 IT BULLDOZES THE ROCKY MATERIAL THAT LIES IN ITS PATH. 321 00:17:13,524 --> 00:17:16,527 ON THE INWARD MIGRATION, THERE'S A LOT OF MATERIAL THERE. 322 00:17:16,528 --> 00:17:18,395 IT ACTUALLY PUSHES ALMOST ALL OF THAT, 323 00:17:18,396 --> 00:17:20,531 ABOUT 80 % OF IT, INWARD. 324 00:17:20,532 --> 00:17:23,468 AND WHEN WE MAKE THE MOVIES IN A CERTAIN WAY, 325 00:17:23,469 --> 00:17:25,271 IT REALLY LOOKS LIKE A SNOWPLOW. 326 00:17:29,542 --> 00:17:31,343 THE GAS AND DUST SQUEEZE 327 00:17:31,344 --> 00:17:34,145 INTO AN INNER DISK AROUND THE SUN. 328 00:17:34,146 --> 00:17:35,381 AS JUPITER ORBITS, 329 00:17:35,382 --> 00:17:39,216 IT PUSHES AGAINST THIS DISK, CREATING A BULGE. 330 00:17:39,217 --> 00:17:43,655 THE BULGE RACES ROUND THE DISK, PULLING JUPITER WITH IT. 331 00:17:44,924 --> 00:17:48,993 JUPITER ACCELERATES AND TRIES TO PULL AWAY FROM THE SUN. 332 00:17:48,994 --> 00:17:53,298 BUT THE DEBRIS BEHIND JUPITER CONTINUES PUSHING INWARDS. 333 00:17:53,299 --> 00:17:54,866 IT'S A COSMIC STALEMATE, 334 00:17:54,867 --> 00:17:59,138 WITH THE PLANET TRAPPED BETWEEN THE INNER AND OUTER DISKS. 335 00:18:02,107 --> 00:18:06,077 THEN, SOMETHING EXTRAORDINARY HAPPENS. 336 00:18:06,078 --> 00:18:09,248 THE GIANT PLANET CHANGES DIRECTION. 337 00:18:09,249 --> 00:18:10,616 AS WE'RE BUILDING THIS MODEL, 338 00:18:10,617 --> 00:18:13,018 WE'VE HAD THIS VISION OF JUPITER COMING INWARDS, 339 00:18:13,019 --> 00:18:14,420 TURNING AROUND AND GOING OUTWARDS. 340 00:18:14,421 --> 00:18:16,120 AND WE THOUGHT OF IT AS A SAILBOAT, 341 00:18:16,121 --> 00:18:18,658 KIND OF TACKING, COMING ABOUT, TURNING THROUGH THE WIND. 342 00:18:18,659 --> 00:18:20,559 SO, THE NAME "THE GRAND TACK MODEL," 343 00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:23,462 IT ACTUALLY COMES FROM SAILING TERMINOLOGY. 344 00:18:23,463 --> 00:18:26,098 BUT JUPITER IS NO YACHT. 345 00:18:26,099 --> 00:18:29,135 IT'S A GIANT SUPERTANKER OF A PLANET. 346 00:18:29,136 --> 00:18:31,604 CHANGING ITS COURSE IS GOING TO TAKE SOMETHING 347 00:18:31,605 --> 00:18:34,241 SERIOUSLY POWERFUL. 348 00:18:34,242 --> 00:18:38,077 ENTER THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S SECOND LARGEST PLANET, 349 00:18:38,078 --> 00:18:39,480 SATURN. 350 00:18:39,481 --> 00:18:41,615 LIKE JUPITER BEFORE IT, 351 00:18:41,616 --> 00:18:46,452 SATURN HAS SPIRALED INWARDS, CLOSING IN ON THE GIANT PLANET. 352 00:18:46,453 --> 00:18:49,691 AMAZINGLY, THERE WAS THIS WONDERFUL INTERPLAY 353 00:18:49,692 --> 00:18:51,325 BETWEEN JUPITER AND SATURN. 354 00:18:51,326 --> 00:18:53,594 AS THEY ATE UP ALL THE MATERIAL AROUND THEM, 355 00:18:53,595 --> 00:18:56,730 THERE WAS A GAP IN THE DISK LEFT OVER. 356 00:18:56,731 --> 00:18:59,534 WITH LESS MATERIAL BEHIND JUPITER AND SATURN, 357 00:18:59,535 --> 00:19:02,102 THERE'S LESS HOLDING THE PLANETS IN PLACE, 358 00:19:02,103 --> 00:19:04,572 ALLOWING THE FORCE FROM THE BULGING DISK 359 00:19:04,573 --> 00:19:06,741 TO FLING JUPITER BACK OUT, 360 00:19:06,742 --> 00:19:10,010 WITH SATURN HITCHING A RIDE. 361 00:19:10,011 --> 00:19:13,080 THE KEY FOR STOPPING JUPITER'S INWARD MIGRATION 362 00:19:13,081 --> 00:19:15,281 IN THE GRAND TACK IS SATURN. 363 00:19:15,282 --> 00:19:19,319 SATURN GROWING AT THE RIGHT TIME AND AT THE RIGHT PLACE 364 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:22,423 ALLOWED IT TO MIGRATE CLOSE TO JUPITER AND CHANGE 365 00:19:22,424 --> 00:19:25,826 AND STOP JUPITER'S INWARD MIGRATION. 366 00:19:25,827 --> 00:19:27,930 SATURN SAVES JUPITER FROM A FIERY FATE. 367 00:19:30,031 --> 00:19:31,666 AND THIS GRAND TACK 368 00:19:31,667 --> 00:19:35,704 LEAVES A PARTING GIFT, THE EARTH ITSELF, 369 00:19:37,706 --> 00:19:40,107 BECAUSE WHEN JUPITER MIGRATES OUT, 370 00:19:40,108 --> 00:19:45,247 IT LEAVES BEHIND THE ROCKY DEBRIS IT BULLDOZED IN. 371 00:19:45,248 --> 00:19:48,718 IT'S FROM THIS DEBRIS THAT THE EARTH FORMS. 372 00:19:50,253 --> 00:19:52,922 BUT BEYOND MARS, JUPITER'S POWERFUL GRAVITY 373 00:19:52,923 --> 00:19:56,892 PULLS ON THE DEBRIS, PREVENTING IT FROM STICKING TOGETHER, 374 00:19:56,893 --> 00:20:01,463 LEAVING THE RUBBLE SCATTERED AS A BAND OF ASTEROIDS. 375 00:20:01,464 --> 00:20:07,001 JUPITER'S GRAVITY IS SO STRONG THAT IT DETERMINES IN SOME WAYS 376 00:20:07,002 --> 00:20:08,904 WHAT CAN EXIST WHERE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 377 00:20:08,905 --> 00:20:10,708 AND WHAT CAN'T. 378 00:20:13,344 --> 00:20:16,145 THE ROCKY PLANETS, 379 00:20:16,146 --> 00:20:19,048 OUR PLANET, 380 00:20:19,049 --> 00:20:20,716 AND BEYOND MARS, 381 00:20:20,717 --> 00:20:23,152 THE ASTEROID BELT, 382 00:20:23,153 --> 00:20:27,589 THEY ALL EXIST BECAUSE OF JUPITER'S EPIC JOURNEY. 383 00:20:27,590 --> 00:20:29,125 WHEN THE BIGGEST THING IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 384 00:20:29,126 --> 00:20:30,527 IS MOVING THIS FAR THIS FAST, 385 00:20:30,528 --> 00:20:32,363 IT CHANGES EVERYTHING AROUND IT. 386 00:20:33,431 --> 00:20:35,967 FIVE MILLION YEARS AFTER IT FIRST FORMED, 387 00:20:35,968 --> 00:20:39,301 483 MILLION MILES FROM THE SUN, 388 00:20:39,302 --> 00:20:43,139 JUPITER REACHES ITS PRESENT ORBIT. 389 00:20:43,140 --> 00:20:44,575 ITS OUTWARD MOVEMENT 390 00:20:44,576 --> 00:20:49,245 AND THE INWARD PULL OF THE SUN'S GRAVITY ARE FINALLY BALANCED, 391 00:20:49,246 --> 00:20:53,916 BUT THIS IS STILL NOT THE SOLAR SYSTEM THAT WE SEE TODAY. 392 00:20:53,917 --> 00:20:55,452 THE END POINT OF THE GRAND TACK MODEL 393 00:20:55,453 --> 00:20:57,119 WAS ACTUALLY THE IDEAL BEGINNINGS 394 00:20:57,120 --> 00:20:58,488 OF WHAT WE THINK HAPPENED 395 00:20:58,489 --> 00:21:02,358 LATER ON IN SOLAR SYSTEM HISTORY. 396 00:21:02,359 --> 00:21:04,094 BUT FROM THIS STABLE ORBIT, 397 00:21:04,095 --> 00:21:09,099 JUPITER IS ABOUT TO TRIGGER A DEADLY DOMINO EFFECT 398 00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:12,603 THAT THREATENS TO DESTROY THE INFANT EARTH. 399 00:21:23,383 --> 00:21:25,351 FOUR AND A HALF BILLION YEARS AGO, 400 00:21:25,352 --> 00:21:29,488 JUPITER ORBITS BETWEEN THE ROCKY INNER PLANETS 401 00:21:29,489 --> 00:21:32,991 AND THE ICY OUTER PLANETS. 402 00:21:32,992 --> 00:21:35,193 FROM THIS STRATEGIC VANTAGE POINT, 403 00:21:35,194 --> 00:21:38,696 THE GAS GIANT DOMINATES OUR PLANETARY SYSTEM 404 00:21:38,697 --> 00:21:40,333 AND UNLEASHES HELL. 405 00:21:44,971 --> 00:21:47,740 IN THE EARLY ENVIRONMENT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 406 00:21:47,741 --> 00:21:50,808 WHERE THERE WAS A LOT MORE JUNK SURROUNDING THE EARTH 407 00:21:50,809 --> 00:21:53,612 AND IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM, THE EARTH WAS BOMBARDED, 408 00:21:53,613 --> 00:21:57,451 AS WERE ALL OTHER OBJECTS, AT AN INCREDIBLE RATE. 409 00:22:00,119 --> 00:22:04,123 IT'S AN INCREDIBLY VIOLENT TIME IN SOLAR SYSTEM HISTORY. 410 00:22:04,124 --> 00:22:07,660 WE REFER TO THAT TIMESCALE ABOUT SEVERAL HUNDRED MILLION YEARS 411 00:22:07,661 --> 00:22:09,560 AFTER THE PLANETS ACTUALLY FORMED 412 00:22:09,561 --> 00:22:11,365 AS THE LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT. 413 00:22:18,271 --> 00:22:20,006 THESE WERE VERY LARGE-SCALE IMPACTS 414 00:22:20,007 --> 00:22:22,743 AND THEY ACTUALLY DO CREATE MELT POOLS -- 415 00:22:22,744 --> 00:22:25,777 LIQUID ROCK ON THE FLOORS OF THESE IMPACT CRATERS. 416 00:22:25,778 --> 00:22:28,314 AND SOME OF THOSE CRATERS CAN GLOW HOT 417 00:22:28,315 --> 00:22:30,784 FOR TENS OF THOUSANDS, HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS, 418 00:22:30,785 --> 00:22:31,918 IN SOME CASES. 419 00:22:31,919 --> 00:22:33,720 IF YOU WERE ACTUALLY ON THE EARTH AT THAT TIME, 420 00:22:33,721 --> 00:22:35,721 THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN ENORMOUS BALLS OF DUST 421 00:22:35,722 --> 00:22:37,891 CONTINUOUSLY THROWN INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. 422 00:22:37,892 --> 00:22:39,927 THE SKY WOULD BE HAZY, CLOUDY, 423 00:22:39,928 --> 00:22:42,095 AND THE TERRAIN WOULD BE MOUNTAINOUS 424 00:22:42,096 --> 00:22:45,098 FROM THE RIMS OF CRATERS ALL AROUND, ROCKY, 425 00:22:45,099 --> 00:22:47,401 AND A WHOLLY UNPLEASANT PLACE TO BE. 426 00:22:58,580 --> 00:23:02,182 TODAY, THE SCARS HAVE HEALED. 427 00:23:02,183 --> 00:23:06,688 GLACIERS ADVANCE AND RETREAT. 428 00:23:06,689 --> 00:23:09,123 VOLCANOES ERUPT. 429 00:23:09,124 --> 00:23:13,126 WIND AND WATER ERASE OUR PLANET'S DUST. 430 00:23:13,127 --> 00:23:17,699 BUT THE EVIDENCE IS STILL VISIBLE IF WE LOOK UP. 431 00:23:17,700 --> 00:23:18,833 LOOK AT THE MOON. 432 00:23:18,834 --> 00:23:20,468 EVERY NIGHT, YOU SEE THE MOON COMING OUT, 433 00:23:20,469 --> 00:23:22,002 AND IT'S POCKMARKED, 434 00:23:22,003 --> 00:23:23,904 BECAUSE FOR ABOUT A BILLION YEARS 435 00:23:23,905 --> 00:23:27,475 AFTER THE SOLAR SYSTEM WAS FORMED, THERE WAS CHAOS. 436 00:23:30,012 --> 00:23:33,781 IN 2011, NASA'S SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE 437 00:23:33,782 --> 00:23:38,886 REVEALS THIS KIND OF BOMBARDMENT AROUND ANOTHER STAR. 438 00:23:38,887 --> 00:23:42,857 ASTRONOMERS SEE A VAST DISK OF GAS AND DUST 439 00:23:42,858 --> 00:23:46,729 CIRCLING A YOUNG STAR CALLED ETA CORVI. 440 00:23:46,730 --> 00:23:50,298 THIS MAY BE EVIDENCE OF ICY COMETS AND ASTEROIDS 441 00:23:50,299 --> 00:23:53,969 SWARMING INTO ITS INNER SOLAR SYSTEM. 442 00:23:53,970 --> 00:23:55,470 FOUR BILLION YEARS AGO, 443 00:23:55,471 --> 00:23:58,541 THE SAME THING WAS HAPPENING IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 444 00:24:02,578 --> 00:24:05,614 THERE WAS A WAVE OF MATERIAL, ASTEROIDS AND COMETS, 445 00:24:05,615 --> 00:24:08,016 THAT SWEPT IN FROM THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM. 446 00:24:08,017 --> 00:24:11,287 IT TURNS OUT IT PROBABLY CAME FROM JUPITER AND SATURN, 447 00:24:11,288 --> 00:24:12,587 THE OUTER PLANETS. 448 00:24:12,588 --> 00:24:13,989 AS THEY WERE ORBITING THE SUN, 449 00:24:13,990 --> 00:24:16,191 THEY WERE INTERACTING WITH EACH OTHER GRAVITATIONALLY -- 450 00:24:16,192 --> 00:24:19,460 A VERY COMPLICATED DANCE. 451 00:24:19,461 --> 00:24:21,162 JUPITER GOES AROUND THE SUN THREE TIMES 452 00:24:21,163 --> 00:24:23,265 EVERY TWO TIMES THAT SATURN DOES. 453 00:24:23,266 --> 00:24:25,333 AND SO, WHEN THEY WOULD MIGRATE OUTWARDS, 454 00:24:25,334 --> 00:24:26,535 THEY'D BE LOCKED IN THIS RESONANCE. 455 00:24:26,536 --> 00:24:27,835 THEY'D BE VERY CLOSE TO EACH OTHER. 456 00:24:27,836 --> 00:24:30,337 AND AT SOME POINT, AS THEY WERE MOVING AROUND, 457 00:24:30,338 --> 00:24:33,307 THEIR GRAVITATIONAL POWERS BASICALLY COMBINED, 458 00:24:33,308 --> 00:24:35,810 GOT A LITTLE BIT BETTER AT AFFECTING THE MATERIAL 459 00:24:35,811 --> 00:24:38,046 AROUND THEM. 460 00:24:38,047 --> 00:24:40,681 TOGETHER, THE TWO INNER GAS GIANTS 461 00:24:40,682 --> 00:24:44,853 SLING THE TWO OUTER GAS GIANTS, URANUS AND NEPTUNE, 462 00:24:44,854 --> 00:24:46,922 EVEN FARTHER OUT. 463 00:24:46,923 --> 00:24:50,360 URANUS AND NEPTUNE SWAP PLACES. 464 00:24:53,931 --> 00:24:57,133 NEPTUNE SLAMS INTO THE FROZEN DUST AND GAS 465 00:24:57,134 --> 00:24:59,736 IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S OUTER REACHES, 466 00:24:59,737 --> 00:25:03,775 SCATTERING ICY DEBRIS FAR AND WIDE. 467 00:25:05,742 --> 00:25:07,110 IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM, 468 00:25:07,111 --> 00:25:10,512 THIS DEBRIS COLLIDES WITH THE ASTEROID BELT. 469 00:25:10,513 --> 00:25:13,982 BILLIONS OF COMETS AND ASTEROIDS SWARM 470 00:25:13,983 --> 00:25:17,921 ACROSS THE ORBITS OF THE EARTH, MOON, AND OTHER INNER PLANETS. 471 00:25:17,922 --> 00:25:19,757 IF THAT HAD PERSISTED, 472 00:25:19,758 --> 00:25:22,526 THEN LIFE NEVER COULD HAVE EVOLVED. 473 00:25:22,527 --> 00:25:24,428 ONLY AFTER A FEW HUNDRED MILLION YEARS 474 00:25:24,429 --> 00:25:26,999 WAS IT POSSIBLE FOR LIFE ON EARTH TO DEVELOP. 475 00:25:31,002 --> 00:25:35,140 BUT THIS DESTRUCTION CONTAINS THE SEEDS OF CREATION 476 00:25:35,141 --> 00:25:39,911 BECAUSE THE ICY COMETS DELIVER A PRECIOUS CARGO. 477 00:25:39,912 --> 00:25:42,212 JUPITER PERIODICALLY DISTURBS 478 00:25:42,213 --> 00:25:45,083 OBJECTS IN THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM, LARGELY WATER OBJECTS, 479 00:25:45,084 --> 00:25:46,785 AND DIRECTS THE TOWARDS THE EARTH. 480 00:25:46,786 --> 00:25:48,720 NOWADAYS, THAT WOULD BE A DISASTER, 481 00:25:48,721 --> 00:25:51,855 BUT IN FACT, IF YOU LOOK AT THE WATER ON EARTH, 482 00:25:51,856 --> 00:25:54,425 IT'S QUITE LIKELY THAT ALMOST ALL OF THE WATER ON EARTH 483 00:25:54,426 --> 00:25:57,662 THAT'S NOW HERE CAME FROM ICE THAT IMPACTED UPON THE EARTH, 484 00:25:57,663 --> 00:25:59,231 DIRECTED HERE BY JUPITER. 485 00:26:03,502 --> 00:26:07,839 EVERY OCEAN, EVERY RIVER, 486 00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:12,210 EVERY DROP OF RAIN MAY OWE ITS EXISTENCE TO JUPITER. 487 00:26:12,211 --> 00:26:17,383 THE GAS GIANT MAY HAVE EVEN SOWED THE SEEDS OF LIFE ITSELF. 488 00:26:17,384 --> 00:26:18,817 THE CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 489 00:26:18,818 --> 00:26:23,789 OF LIFE MAY HAVE HITCHED A RIDE TO EARTH ON-BOARD A COMET. 490 00:26:23,790 --> 00:26:28,493 WITHOUT JUPITER, LIFE WOULD HAVE NEVER STARTED, 491 00:26:28,494 --> 00:26:31,030 AND IT WOULD HAVE NEVER SURVIVED. 492 00:26:33,099 --> 00:26:37,035 THE MAIN BOMBARDMENT ENDED 3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO, 493 00:26:37,036 --> 00:26:39,005 BUT A THREAT REMAINS. 494 00:26:39,006 --> 00:26:44,143 EVERY DAY, NASA'S NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS PROGRAM SCANS THE SKIES 495 00:26:44,144 --> 00:26:47,479 FOR POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS ASTEROIDS AND COMETS. 496 00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:52,483 SO FAR, THEY'VE SPOTTED OVER 10,000. 497 00:26:52,484 --> 00:26:57,055 AND IT ONLY TAKES ONE TO CAUSE A CATASTROPHE. 498 00:26:57,056 --> 00:26:58,457 JUST THREE MILES WIDE, 499 00:26:58,458 --> 00:27:02,827 THIS SMALL COMET IS BIG ENOUGH TO WIPE OUT LIFE ON EARTH. 500 00:27:02,828 --> 00:27:06,431 LUCKILY, JUPITER IS IN THE WAY. 501 00:27:06,432 --> 00:27:07,799 JUPITER ACTS, IN A LOT OF WAYS, 502 00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:09,635 LIKE THE PROTECTOR OF THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM. 503 00:27:09,636 --> 00:27:11,172 BY SHEPHERDING COMETS IN ITS VICINITY, 504 00:27:11,173 --> 00:27:12,771 EJECTING THEM FROM THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 505 00:27:12,772 --> 00:27:15,910 JUPITER HELPS PROTECT THE EARTH ITSELF. 506 00:27:18,712 --> 00:27:21,382 IN A SENSE, THE WAY OBJECTS MOVE IN A SOLAR SYSTEM 507 00:27:21,383 --> 00:27:24,351 IS A LITTLE BIT LIKE A ROLLER DERBY. 508 00:27:24,352 --> 00:27:26,720 YOU'VE GOT ALL OF THESE OBJECTS MOVING AROUND THE SUN 509 00:27:26,721 --> 00:27:29,088 IN THE SAME DIRECTION, GOING AROUND AND AROUND AND AROUND. 510 00:27:29,089 --> 00:27:33,226 BUT THEY HAVE GRAVITY, AND THEY CAN INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER. 511 00:27:33,227 --> 00:27:34,896 IMAGINE THIS SKATER IN WHITE 512 00:27:34,897 --> 00:27:40,232 IS AN ICY COMET RACING IN FROM THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM. 513 00:27:40,233 --> 00:27:44,337 THE SKATERS IN BLACK ARE THE GAS GIANTS. 514 00:27:44,338 --> 00:27:47,540 THE COMETS VEER ACROSS THE PLANETS' ORBITS 515 00:27:47,541 --> 00:27:51,178 UNTIL IT ENCOUNTERS JUPITER. 516 00:27:51,179 --> 00:27:54,381 JUPITER MOVES FASTER THAN THE COMET. 517 00:27:54,382 --> 00:27:56,883 THEN, THE GIANT PLANET'S GRAVITY 518 00:27:56,884 --> 00:28:02,288 GRABS IT AND GIVES IT AN ASSIST IN A SLINGSHOT MANEUVER. 519 00:28:02,289 --> 00:28:05,225 THE COMET STEALS SOME OF JUPITER'S MOMENTUM, 520 00:28:05,226 --> 00:28:07,962 ACCELERATES, AND CHANGES DIRECTION. 521 00:28:08,463 --> 00:28:10,766 JUPITER CAN FLING IT OUT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 522 00:28:10,767 --> 00:28:12,467 BY GIVING IT THAT EXTRA VELOCITY, 523 00:28:12,468 --> 00:28:13,535 AND IT GOES AWAY. 524 00:28:13,536 --> 00:28:15,170 IT'S EJECTED. 525 00:28:15,171 --> 00:28:19,774 JUPITER SLINGS OBJECTS OUT AND STANDS GUARD. 526 00:28:19,775 --> 00:28:23,444 EVERY YEAR, 200 TIMES MORE COMETS AND ASTEROIDS 527 00:28:23,445 --> 00:28:26,480 SMASH INTO JUPITER THAN THE EARTH. 528 00:28:26,481 --> 00:28:29,351 SOMETHING HAD TO BE THERE LIKE A SHERIFF 529 00:28:29,352 --> 00:28:32,720 TO CLEAN OUT ALL THE RIFFRAFF AND CLEAN OUT ALL THE DEBRIS, 530 00:28:32,721 --> 00:28:35,489 AND THAT'S THE PLANET JUPITER. 531 00:28:35,490 --> 00:28:38,860 IF IT WASN'T FOR JUPITER, RIGHT WHERE I'M STANDING, 532 00:28:38,861 --> 00:28:42,597 THERE MIGHT BE GIGANTIC METEOR IMPACT CRATER. 533 00:28:42,598 --> 00:28:45,165 WITHOUT JUPITER, MOST CERTAINLY, 534 00:28:45,166 --> 00:28:46,935 WE WOULDN'T BE HERE TO TALK ABOUT IT. 535 00:28:48,971 --> 00:28:52,941 OUR LIVES DEPEND ON JUPITER. 536 00:28:52,942 --> 00:28:55,476 BECAUSE OF THE INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT ROLE 537 00:28:55,477 --> 00:28:58,680 THAT JUPITER'S PLAYED IN THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH, 538 00:28:58,681 --> 00:29:00,181 WHEN WE LOOK AT EXOPLANETS, 539 00:29:00,182 --> 00:29:02,483 WHEN WE LOOK FOR LIFE ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE, 540 00:29:02,484 --> 00:29:06,020 WE MAY NOT NEED TO LOOK JUST FOR THOSE HABITABLE PLANETS. 541 00:29:06,021 --> 00:29:08,489 WE MAY NEED TO LOOK FOR JUPITERS OR OBJECTS 542 00:29:08,490 --> 00:29:12,495 LIKE THEM THAT HAVE SAVED THEM, AS JUPITER SAVED US. 543 00:29:14,030 --> 00:29:18,536 JUPITER IS THE SECRET BEHIND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S SUCCESS. 544 00:29:21,704 --> 00:29:27,575 IT MAKES LIFE ON EARTH POSSIBLE AND HELPS PROTECT THAT LIFE. 545 00:29:27,576 --> 00:29:31,817 IT MAY EVEN NURTURE LIFE, ALIEN LIFE. 546 00:29:42,693 --> 00:29:44,629 JUPITER DOMINATES ITS NEIGHBORHOOD 547 00:29:44,630 --> 00:29:50,468 FOR MILLIONS OF MILES, LOOMING OVER AT LEAST 67 MOONS, 548 00:29:50,469 --> 00:29:51,603 FROM GANYMEDE, 549 00:29:51,604 --> 00:29:53,871 WHICH IS LARGER THAN THE PLANET MERCURY, 550 00:29:53,872 --> 00:29:56,606 TO A ROCK BARELY A MILE ACROSS. 551 00:29:56,607 --> 00:29:58,809 THE INNERMOST MOONS ARE MORE ROCKY RICH. 552 00:29:58,810 --> 00:30:00,877 THE OUTERMOST MOONS ARE MORE ICE RICH. 553 00:30:00,878 --> 00:30:02,380 SO, IN A LOT OF WAYS, 554 00:30:02,381 --> 00:30:04,317 A LITTLE MINIATURE SOLAR SYSTEM. 555 00:30:07,352 --> 00:30:10,287 JUPITER IS A COSMIC PUPPET MASTER, 556 00:30:10,288 --> 00:30:13,958 CONTROLLING AND MANIPULATING ITS MOONS 557 00:30:13,959 --> 00:30:17,896 AND PERHAPS MAKING ONE OF THEM HOME TO LIFE. 558 00:30:17,897 --> 00:30:20,165 MARCH 1ST, 2007, 559 00:30:20,166 --> 00:30:25,604 NASA'S NEW HORIZONS PROBE FLIES PAST IO, 560 00:30:25,605 --> 00:30:29,775 A MOON ROUGHLY THE SAME SIZE AS OUR OWN. 561 00:30:29,776 --> 00:30:31,410 IO IS ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING MOONS 562 00:30:31,411 --> 00:30:32,577 IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 563 00:30:32,578 --> 00:30:34,880 AND NOT JUST BECAUSE IT LOOKS LIKE A PIZZA. 564 00:30:34,881 --> 00:30:36,816 IT'S COVERED WITH VOLCANOES. 565 00:30:36,817 --> 00:30:38,918 IN FACT, THESE VOLCANOES, ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, 566 00:30:38,919 --> 00:30:40,719 HAVE BEEN CONTINUOUSLY ERUPTING 567 00:30:40,720 --> 00:30:43,622 SINCE WE'VE BEEN OBSERVING IO WITH SPACE PROBES, 568 00:30:43,623 --> 00:30:45,325 FOR THE PAST 20 YEARS. 569 00:30:50,596 --> 00:30:51,797 THIS SMALL MOON 570 00:30:51,798 --> 00:30:55,834 IS THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S MOST VOLCANIC BODY, 571 00:30:55,835 --> 00:31:00,806 WITH AT LEAST 400 ACTIVE VOLCANOES. 572 00:31:00,807 --> 00:31:04,242 TOGETHER, THEY PUMP OUT 100 TIMES MORE HEAT 573 00:31:04,243 --> 00:31:06,012 THAN VOLCANOES ON EARTH. 574 00:31:07,713 --> 00:31:10,816 IO'S ORBIT IS ACTUALLY SLIGHTLY ECCENTRIC AROUND JUPITER. 575 00:31:10,817 --> 00:31:12,485 SOMETIMES, IT'S A LITTLE CLOSER TO JUPITER; 576 00:31:12,486 --> 00:31:15,922 SOMETIMES, A LITTLE FARTHER AWAY. 577 00:31:15,923 --> 00:31:18,024 AS THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD CHANGES, 578 00:31:18,025 --> 00:31:20,360 IO'S BODY, THE STRUCTURE OF THE MOON ITSELF, 579 00:31:20,361 --> 00:31:23,529 IS TWISTED AND PULLED BACK AND FORTH. 580 00:31:23,530 --> 00:31:27,566 AND THAT HEAT THROUGH FRICTION, THE INTERIOR OF THE MOON, 581 00:31:27,567 --> 00:31:29,434 THAT HEAT BASICALLY MELTS IT, 582 00:31:29,435 --> 00:31:32,307 AND THAT ERUPTS THROUGH THE SURFACE AS VOLCANOES. 583 00:31:35,409 --> 00:31:38,478 THE VOLCANOES ON IO ARE REALLY FASCINATING. 584 00:31:38,479 --> 00:31:40,145 THEY'RE EJECTING VAST QUANTITIES 585 00:31:40,146 --> 00:31:42,918 OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ABOVE THE SURFACE OF IO. 586 00:31:43,919 --> 00:31:46,354 IT'S SPLIT APART BY THE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT 587 00:31:46,355 --> 00:31:48,889 FROM THE SUN INTO SULFUR IONS, OXYGEN IONS, 588 00:31:48,890 --> 00:31:50,124 AND THOSE IONS INTERACT 589 00:31:50,125 --> 00:31:53,694 WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE PLANET JUPITER. 590 00:31:53,695 --> 00:31:56,564 JUPITER'S MAGNETIC FIELD CARRIES CHEMICALS 591 00:31:56,565 --> 00:32:00,669 AND CHARGED PARTICLES AWAY FROM IO 592 00:32:00,670 --> 00:32:03,173 AND ONTO ITS NEIGHBORING MOON, EUROPA, 593 00:32:05,141 --> 00:32:07,942 MAKING THIS DISTANT, FROZEN WORLD 594 00:32:07,943 --> 00:32:11,146 ONE OF OUR BEST HOPES OF FINDING ALIEN LIFE. 595 00:32:13,615 --> 00:32:15,549 WHEN WE GOT UP CLOSE TO EUROPA WITH SPACECRAFT, 596 00:32:15,550 --> 00:32:17,852 WE SAW IT WAS COVERED IN CRACKS AND RIDGES, 597 00:32:17,853 --> 00:32:19,022 WHICH LOOKED VERY MUCH 598 00:32:19,023 --> 00:32:21,389 LIKE THE WAY ICE FLOES LOOK HERE ON EARTH. 599 00:32:21,390 --> 00:32:23,793 AND IT TURNS OUT THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT'S GOING ON. 600 00:32:23,794 --> 00:32:26,627 WE KNOW, BECAUSE OF SEEING THE FLEXURE OF THE ICE 601 00:32:26,628 --> 00:32:29,264 AND THE CRACKS IN THE ICE ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA 602 00:32:29,265 --> 00:32:31,600 THAT THERE'S PROBABLY A SUB-SURFACE OCEAN 603 00:32:31,601 --> 00:32:34,302 DEEPER THAN THE DEEPEST OF EARTH'S OCEANS THERE 604 00:32:34,303 --> 00:32:36,072 ON THAT LITTLE ICY MOON. 605 00:32:41,743 --> 00:32:46,248 JUPITER'S GRAVITY PUSHES AND PULLS EUROPA, 606 00:32:46,249 --> 00:32:48,950 CREATING FRICTION, 607 00:32:48,951 --> 00:32:53,823 GENERATING HEAT AND MELTING EUROPA FROM WITHIN. 608 00:32:56,090 --> 00:32:58,527 JUPITER IS SO FAR AWAY FROM THE SUN THAT IT'S NATURAL 609 00:32:58,528 --> 00:33:01,062 TO ASSUME THAT ANYTHING AROUND IT IS FROZEN. 610 00:33:01,063 --> 00:33:04,399 THE FACT THAT GRAVITY CAN HEAT SOMETHING UP ENOUGH 611 00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:07,268 TO PRODUCE LIQUID WATER IS PROFOUNDLY IMPORTANT. 612 00:33:07,269 --> 00:33:10,805 ALL OF THE INDICATIONS OF LIQUID WATER UNDER THE SURFACE 613 00:33:10,806 --> 00:33:12,074 HAVE BEEN INDIRECT -- 614 00:33:12,075 --> 00:33:14,875 THE WAY THE SURFACE LOOKS, THE RESURFACING OF IT. 615 00:33:14,876 --> 00:33:18,913 BUT VERY RECENTLY, WE GOT DIRECT EVIDENCE OF WATER 616 00:33:18,914 --> 00:33:22,350 UNDER THE SURFACE OF EUROPA IN THE FORM OF A GEYSER -- 617 00:33:22,351 --> 00:33:27,522 A PLUME OF WATER BEING EJECTED FROM THE SOUTH POLE OF THE MOON. 618 00:33:27,523 --> 00:33:29,759 NOVEMBER 2013, 619 00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:33,029 ANALYZING PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE, 620 00:33:33,030 --> 00:33:38,767 SCIENTISTS SPOT TWO GIANT GEYSERS SPEWING WATER 124 MILES 621 00:33:38,768 --> 00:33:42,437 INTO THE ATMOSPHERE ABOVE EUROPA'S SOUTH POLE. 622 00:33:42,438 --> 00:33:44,105 IT'S THE BEST EVIDENCE YET 623 00:33:44,106 --> 00:33:48,576 OF LIQUID WATER BENEATH EUROPA'S FROZEN CRUST. 624 00:33:48,577 --> 00:33:51,814 SEEING DIRECT EVIDENCE OF LIQUID WATER ON EUROPA 625 00:33:51,815 --> 00:33:53,582 IS TERRIBLY EXCITING. 626 00:33:53,583 --> 00:33:57,152 FINDING LIQUID WATER IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR FINDING BIOLOGY. 627 00:33:57,153 --> 00:33:59,988 WE DON'T KNOW THAT WHEREVER THERE'S WATER, THERE'S BIOLOGY, 628 00:33:59,989 --> 00:34:01,323 BUT WE'RE PRETTY SURE THAT WITHOUT IT, 629 00:34:01,324 --> 00:34:02,860 IT WOULD BE A LOT TOUGHER. 630 00:34:03,862 --> 00:34:05,095 FOR LIFE TO EVOLVE, 631 00:34:05,096 --> 00:34:08,732 IT NEEDS WATER AND OTHER CHEMICALS. 632 00:34:08,733 --> 00:34:12,069 AND THAT'S WHERE JUPITER'S MAGNETOSPHERE COMES IN, 633 00:34:12,070 --> 00:34:14,705 THE NETWORK THAT TRANSPORTS CHEMICALS 634 00:34:14,706 --> 00:34:18,774 FROM VOLCANIC MOON IO TO EUROPA. 635 00:34:18,775 --> 00:34:21,710 SCIENTISTS THINK THE MAGNETOSPHERE DELIVERS SULFUR, 636 00:34:21,711 --> 00:34:24,480 CARBON AND OTHER MINERALS, 637 00:34:24,481 --> 00:34:25,881 AND THAT ITS RADIATION 638 00:34:25,882 --> 00:34:30,018 SPLITS APART FROZEN WATER MOLECULES ON EUROPA'S SURFACE 639 00:34:30,019 --> 00:34:32,757 INTO HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN. 640 00:34:35,293 --> 00:34:37,995 FROM A BIOLOGY POINT OF VIEW, WHAT'S IMPORTANT IS 641 00:34:37,996 --> 00:34:40,763 THAT THERE'S INTERESTING STUFF BEING MADE ON THE SURFACE, 642 00:34:40,764 --> 00:34:43,968 AND IF THAT STUFF COULD GET CARRIED INTO THE OCEAN, 643 00:34:43,969 --> 00:34:45,570 ORGANISMS MIGHT APPRECIATE. 644 00:34:45,838 --> 00:34:49,174 SO, EUROPA'S GEYSERS ARE A MAJOR DISCOVERY. 645 00:34:49,175 --> 00:34:52,711 ONE OF THE MORE EXCITING ASPECTS OF SEEING THIS GEYSER ON EUROPA 646 00:34:52,712 --> 00:34:54,645 IS IT MEANS THAT THE LIQUID OCEAN 647 00:34:54,646 --> 00:34:56,915 UNDERNEATH THE SURFACE HAS A WAY OF GETTING OUT, 648 00:34:56,916 --> 00:34:58,883 WHICH MEANS MAYBE THERE'S A WAY OF STUFF 649 00:34:58,884 --> 00:35:02,520 FROM THE SURFACE GETTING INTO THE OCEAN ITSELF. 650 00:35:02,521 --> 00:35:04,754 IT COULD BE THAT IN THIS OCEAN, 651 00:35:04,755 --> 00:35:10,828 THERE'S A NUTRIENT-RICH SUPPLY OF FOOD. 652 00:35:10,829 --> 00:35:12,263 LIFE NEEDS WATER. 653 00:35:12,264 --> 00:35:16,767 IT NEEDS FOOD AND SOMETHING ELSE. 654 00:35:16,768 --> 00:35:18,636 YOU ALSO NEED AN ENERGY SOURCE. 655 00:35:18,637 --> 00:35:20,272 ON THE EARTH, MOSTLY, THAT'S THE SUN. 656 00:35:20,273 --> 00:35:22,640 IT'S LIGHT COMING DOWN AND WARMING THE SURFACE. 657 00:35:22,641 --> 00:35:24,808 ON EUROPA, THOUGH, IF YOU'RE DEEP IN THAT OCEAN, 658 00:35:24,809 --> 00:35:26,811 IT'S PROBABLY PITCH BLACK. 659 00:35:29,514 --> 00:35:32,318 BUT LIFE CAN EXIST WITHOUT THE SUN. 660 00:35:33,853 --> 00:35:35,486 IF YOU GO TO THE OCEAN FLOORS ON EARTH, 661 00:35:35,487 --> 00:35:38,457 THERE ARE PLACES WHERE THERE ARE VENTS, CRACKS IN THE CRUST, 662 00:35:38,458 --> 00:35:41,060 AND GASSES AND ALL SORTS OF NOXIOUS CHEMICALS 663 00:35:41,061 --> 00:35:44,663 ARE COMING UP, BUT THERE'S LIFE THERE. 664 00:35:44,664 --> 00:35:47,832 AN OCEAN THAT THERE COULD BE THIS FLOW OF NUTRIENTS 665 00:35:47,833 --> 00:35:51,470 FROM THE SUB-SURFACE INTO AN OXYGEN-RICH WATER 666 00:35:51,471 --> 00:35:54,439 AND LIFE LIVING AT THIS BOUNDARY BETWEEN THEM, 667 00:35:54,440 --> 00:35:56,776 THAT'S AN EXAMPLE RIGHT IN FRONT OF US 668 00:35:56,777 --> 00:36:00,013 OF HOW AN ECOSYSTEM COULD BE SHAPED THAT WAY. 669 00:36:00,014 --> 00:36:02,448 LIFE EVOLVES TO MATCH THE CONDITIONS 670 00:36:02,449 --> 00:36:04,151 IN WHICH IT FINDS ITSELF. 671 00:36:04,152 --> 00:36:06,486 THE CONDITIONS UNDER THE SURFACE OF EUROPA 672 00:36:06,487 --> 00:36:08,388 ARE VERY SIMILAR TO THE CONDITIONS 673 00:36:08,389 --> 00:36:10,156 AT THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN HERE ON EARTH. 674 00:36:10,157 --> 00:36:12,625 WE MAY FIND LIFE THERE, 675 00:36:12,626 --> 00:36:15,229 AND IF WE DO, IT MAY LOOK QUITE A BIT LIKE 676 00:36:15,230 --> 00:36:17,798 LIFE UNDER THE OCEAN HERE ON EARTH. 677 00:36:21,702 --> 00:36:24,537 IF THERE IS LIFE BENEATH EUROPA'S SURFACE, 678 00:36:24,538 --> 00:36:26,440 IT MAY OUTLIVE US ALL. 679 00:36:28,409 --> 00:36:32,645 THIS INHOSPITABLE WORLD COULD BECOME A LAST REFUGE 680 00:36:32,646 --> 00:36:35,480 FOR LIFE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 681 00:36:35,481 --> 00:36:38,317 BECAUSE 5 BILLION YEARS FROM NOW, 682 00:36:38,318 --> 00:36:41,655 THE SUN IS DESTINED TO DIE. 683 00:36:53,635 --> 00:36:56,437 JUPITER, MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLANET, 684 00:36:56,438 --> 00:36:58,906 HAS LEFT ITS MARK ON OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 685 00:36:58,907 --> 00:37:01,241 THE LARGEST PLANET WITH THE STRONGEST GRAVITY, 686 00:37:01,242 --> 00:37:06,046 IT SHAPED OUR PAST AND INFLUENCES OUR PRESENT. 687 00:37:06,047 --> 00:37:09,683 BUT THE PLANET'S FUTURE HANGS IN THE BALANCE. 688 00:37:09,684 --> 00:37:14,089 THE ULTIMATE FATE OF JUPITER MAY REST ON THE FATE OF THE SUN. 689 00:37:14,090 --> 00:37:16,191 AND IN 4 TO 5 BILLION YEARS, 690 00:37:16,192 --> 00:37:19,227 THE SUN WILL EXPAND TO BECOME A RED GIANT, 691 00:37:19,228 --> 00:37:23,230 PERHAPS EATING UP THE EARTH IN THE PROCESS. 692 00:37:23,231 --> 00:37:25,299 WE THINK THAT THE SUN'S OUTER LAYERS ARE GONNA 693 00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:28,236 EXPAND POSSIBLY EVEN TO THE ORBIT OF MARS. 694 00:37:28,237 --> 00:37:30,671 THE EARTH IS POSSIBLY GOING TO BE ENGULFED 695 00:37:30,672 --> 00:37:33,442 AND COMPLETELY DEVOURED BY THE EXPANDING SUN. 696 00:37:33,443 --> 00:37:35,109 AND WHEN THAT HAPPENS, OF COURSE, 697 00:37:35,110 --> 00:37:36,746 IT'S GAME OVER FOR EARTH. 698 00:37:38,181 --> 00:37:40,216 FIVE BILLION YEARS FROM NOW, 699 00:37:40,217 --> 00:37:44,152 THE INNER ROCKY PLANETS WILL BURN UP. 700 00:37:44,153 --> 00:37:46,254 WILL JUPITER BE NEXT? 701 00:37:46,255 --> 00:37:48,758 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOMEBODY ORBITING AROUND JUPITER, 702 00:37:48,759 --> 00:37:51,861 THE SUN IS GOING TO TURN INTO THIS ANGRY, FIERY THING. 703 00:37:51,862 --> 00:37:53,162 AND YET, 704 00:37:53,163 --> 00:37:57,033 JUPITER ITSELF IS PROBABLY GOING TO BE RELATIVELY SAFE. 705 00:37:57,034 --> 00:37:58,602 IT MAY LOSE SOME OF ITS ATMOSPHERE, 706 00:37:58,603 --> 00:37:59,968 BUT JUPITER'S A BIG PLANET. 707 00:37:59,969 --> 00:38:01,337 IT HAS PLENTY TO SPARE. 708 00:38:01,338 --> 00:38:05,975 CLEARLY, THE REGION OF THE EARTH WILL BECOME UNINHABITABLE. 709 00:38:05,976 --> 00:38:08,111 BUT WHAT'S ALSO EQUALLY CLEAR IS 710 00:38:08,112 --> 00:38:10,513 THE REGIONS WE NOW THINK OF AS REMOTE, 711 00:38:10,514 --> 00:38:14,585 FAR AWAY, FROZEN, BECOME MUCH MORE ATTRACTIVE. 712 00:38:16,054 --> 00:38:17,555 IT'LL BE WARMER, 713 00:38:17,556 --> 00:38:19,423 SO ITS MOONS MIGHT ACTUALLY WARM UP. 714 00:38:19,424 --> 00:38:21,091 AND IT HAS ICY MOONS. 715 00:38:21,092 --> 00:38:24,562 RIGHT NOW, THEY'RE FROZEN WATER, BUT WITH THE WARM SUN 716 00:38:24,563 --> 00:38:27,029 FOR MILLIONS OR TENS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS, 717 00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:28,966 THEY MAY ACTUALLY LIQUEFY. 718 00:38:28,967 --> 00:38:32,937 AND EUROPA MAY BECOME BASICALLY A GIGANTIC WATER DROPLET, 719 00:38:32,938 --> 00:38:36,573 A SELF-CONTAINED OCEAN ORBITING JUPITER. 720 00:38:36,574 --> 00:38:38,309 IT'S AN AMAZING THOUGHT. 721 00:38:40,878 --> 00:38:43,647 PERHAPS EUROPA WILL BE LIFE'S LAST, 722 00:38:43,648 --> 00:38:47,116 BEST REFUGE AS THE SUN DIES. 723 00:38:47,117 --> 00:38:50,120 AS THE SUN EVOLVES, 724 00:38:50,121 --> 00:38:53,489 WILL THE MOONS OF JUPITER -- COULD IT BE 725 00:38:53,490 --> 00:38:57,361 THAT THEY BECOME THE PRIME PLACES 726 00:38:57,362 --> 00:39:01,131 THAT WE EITHER TRAVEL TO, OR PERHAPS, 727 00:39:01,132 --> 00:39:03,433 LIFE ONCE AGAIN BEGINS? 728 00:39:03,434 --> 00:39:06,904 IN OUR DYING SOLAR SYSTEM, 729 00:39:06,905 --> 00:39:11,841 JUPITER'S MOONS MAY OFFER A SAFE HAVEN FOR LIFE. 730 00:39:11,842 --> 00:39:15,012 BUT JUPITER'S TIME IN THE SUN IS LIMITED. 731 00:39:21,454 --> 00:39:24,221 AFTER THE SUN UNDERGOES ITS DRAMATIC RED GIANT PHASE, 732 00:39:24,222 --> 00:39:26,823 IT'S GOING TO COLLAPSE DOWN AND END ITS LIFE 733 00:39:26,824 --> 00:39:28,058 ALMOST WITH A WHIMPER. 734 00:39:28,059 --> 00:39:29,862 IT WILL BECOME A WHITE DWARF. 735 00:39:33,331 --> 00:39:35,299 YOU WOULDN'T EVEN BE ABLE TO SEE THE SUN 736 00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:37,134 FROM THE SURFACE OF JUPITER 737 00:39:37,135 --> 00:39:39,837 WHEN THE SUN UNDERGOES ITS FINAL STAGE 738 00:39:39,838 --> 00:39:42,305 TO BECOME A PIECE OF NUCLEAR WASTE 739 00:39:42,306 --> 00:39:45,042 DRIFTING IN OUTER SPACE. 740 00:39:45,043 --> 00:39:50,781 JUPITER AND ITS MOONS WILL BECOME DARK ONCE MORE. 741 00:39:50,782 --> 00:39:52,716 AS THE SUN EVOLVES INTO A WHITE DWARF, 742 00:39:52,717 --> 00:39:56,187 JUPITER WILL PROBABLY GO LARGELY UNAFFECTED. 743 00:39:56,188 --> 00:39:57,990 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE SUN 744 00:39:57,991 --> 00:39:59,790 WON'T CHANGE ITS ORBIT VERY MUCH. 745 00:39:59,791 --> 00:40:02,158 AND IT'S JUST GONNA KEEP TRUCKING ALONG AND CONTINUE 746 00:40:02,159 --> 00:40:06,129 TO ORBIT THAT OLD WHITE DWARF FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS. 747 00:40:06,130 --> 00:40:07,064 JUPITER WILL LIVE ON, 748 00:40:07,065 --> 00:40:10,802 AND WITH IT, THE HOPE OF LIFE. 749 00:40:10,803 --> 00:40:13,204 IF THERE'S LIFE UNDERNEATH THE ICE ON EUROPA 750 00:40:13,205 --> 00:40:15,941 SOMEWHERE IN THE OCEAN BENEATH THE SURFACE, 751 00:40:15,942 --> 00:40:19,211 IT'S POSSIBLE THAT IT COULD STILL CONTINUE, 752 00:40:19,212 --> 00:40:21,514 WARMED BY THE TIDAL FORCES FROM JUPITER 753 00:40:21,515 --> 00:40:26,151 EVEN AFTER THE SUN HAS MET ITS END AS A WHITE DWARF. 754 00:40:26,152 --> 00:40:28,121 THE THING IS EUROPA IS ALREADY 755 00:40:28,122 --> 00:40:29,787 A SHELL OF ICE WITH LIQUID WATER 756 00:40:29,788 --> 00:40:32,590 THAT DOESN'T REALLY NEED THE ENERGY FROM THE SUN. 757 00:40:32,591 --> 00:40:34,860 SO, IF THERE'S LIFE THERE, 758 00:40:34,861 --> 00:40:37,429 IT'S NOT GONNA CARE WHETHER THE SUN'S ALIVE OR DEAD. 759 00:40:37,430 --> 00:40:40,700 THEY ACTUALLY MIGHT OUTLIVE THE SUN ITSELF. 760 00:40:40,701 --> 00:40:43,003 FIVE BILLION YEARS FROM NOW, 761 00:40:43,004 --> 00:40:46,006 JUPITER WILL TAKE CENTER STAGE. 762 00:40:50,044 --> 00:40:52,979 JUPITER DETERMINES MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLANET, 763 00:40:52,980 --> 00:40:55,182 HOW OUR SOLAR SYSTEM WORKS, 764 00:40:55,183 --> 00:40:59,686 MUCH AS A CONDUCTOR GOVERNS THE DYNAMICS OF AN ORCHESTRA. 765 00:40:59,687 --> 00:41:01,621 AS WE UNLOCK THE PLANET'S SECRETS, 766 00:41:01,622 --> 00:41:03,322 WE'RE DISCOVERING JUPITER 767 00:41:03,323 --> 00:41:06,592 IS THE KEY TO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM'S SUCCESS. 768 00:41:06,593 --> 00:41:07,894 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT A PLANET 769 00:41:07,895 --> 00:41:11,463 THAT DOMINATES THE ENTIRE SOLAR SYSTEM, 770 00:41:11,464 --> 00:41:14,066 WHOSE GRAVITY DETERMINES THE VERY STRUCTURE 771 00:41:14,067 --> 00:41:17,503 OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ITSELF, 772 00:41:17,504 --> 00:41:22,809 A PLANET WHOSE EVOLUTION HELPED TO CLEAN OUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 773 00:41:22,810 --> 00:41:24,209 SO, WE SEE THAT THE PAST 774 00:41:24,210 --> 00:41:27,515 AND THE FUTURE DEPENDS ON JUPITER. 775 00:41:30,183 --> 00:41:31,550 JUPITER HAS BEEN HERE 776 00:41:31,551 --> 00:41:34,487 SINCE THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S EARLIEST DAYS, 777 00:41:34,488 --> 00:41:39,092 AND IT'LL BE HERE AT THE END. 778 00:41:39,093 --> 00:41:44,796 CREATOR, PROTECTOR, NURTURER, AND SURVIVOR, 779 00:41:44,797 --> 00:41:48,501 JUPITER SHAPED THE SOLAR SYSTEM THAT WE SEE TODAY 780 00:41:48,502 --> 00:41:54,542 AND MAKES LIFE POSSIBLE ON EARTH AND PERHAPS BEYOND. 781 00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00 www.tvsubtitles.net 781 00:41:55,305 --> 00:42:55,492 Watch any video online with Open-SUBTITLES Free Browser extension: osdb.link/ext